Reusable, separable, structural connector assembly

ABSTRACT

An easy to use, and reuse, separation connector is disclosed that comprises a first component having a plurality of leaf elements with protrusions, and a second component having a recess for receiving the leaf element protrusions. The protrusions of the leaf elements are secured within the recess by a tensioned band, or in an alternative embodiment, by an expansion band; the protrusions and recess are formed so as to provide an efficient and effective load and torque bearing surface that requires minimal tension on the tensioned band, or minimal compression on the expansion band. A shearing structure is also presented that minimizes translation of the leaf elements with respect to the receiving surface. When the band is released, springs or other means urge the leaves away from the mating surface, thereby allowing for the separation of the connected items. Preferably, the leaves are hinged, allowing for ease of coupling and decoupling to the mating surface. Multiple sections of leaf elements can be employed to form a perimeter structure corresponding to the structure of the mating surface.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a Continuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 09/287,038, filed Apr. 6, 1999.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates to the field of mechanical connectors, and in particular to connector assemblies for stage separation systems, such as satellite and missile systems.

[0004] 2. Description of Related Art

[0005] Transport systems, such as rockets that transport satellites into space, vessels that transport submerged sections of ocean structures such as oil platforms, and the like, require a means for securely fastening different items together for transport, and reliably and easily unfastening the items for deployment. Multi-stage rockets also require a means for fastening the stages together, and reliably unfastening the stages as each stage is spent. In other situations, such as aircraft carrier based aircraft, the items are transported or stored in a disassembled state and require a means for rapidly fastening the items for deployment, and reliably and easily unfastening the items for subsequent storage or transport.

[0006] A variety of devices have been developed to secure two items together while also allowing the items to be separated quickly and reliably. In the aerospace industry, the common connection devices include bolts and bands that can be severed. Bolts are used to fasten the two items together, and an explosive charge is typically used to sever the bolts at the proper time, thereby unfastening the two items. Depending upon the application, ancillary devices such as springs may be used to urge the two items apart when the bolts are severed. To assure a reliable separation, the number of bolts used to fasten the two items is kept to a minimum; this results in load points at the bolts far in excess of the load imposed by a distributed fastening system.

[0007] Belt structures are commonly used to provide for a distributed load. A belt structure that is commonly employed to fasten items together is a “V-band”, typified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,565, incorporated by reference herein. The V-band includes a tension belt for securing a plurality of retainers against camming surfaces on flange members on separable spacecraft component parts. A typical V-band embodiment consists of an upper ring attached to the payload, a lower ring attached to the launch vehicle, and a clampband that is circumferentially tensioned to the flanges of the upper and lower rings, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The upper ring 101 and lower ring 102 each have flanges that, when joined, form a “V” shaped projection 150A. The clampband consists of a belt 110 and a plurality of clamps 120. Each of the clamps 120 has a recess 150B corresponding to the shape of the projection 150A of the upper 101 and lower 102 rings. When the belt 110 is tensioned, the recesses 150B of the clamps 120 are compressed against the projections 150A, thereby securing the upper 101 and lower 102 rings together.

[0008] The belt 110 is conventionally tensioned by bolts (not shown) that are in line with the belt 110, and explosive bolt cutters are used to sever the bolts to release the tension. When the tension in the belt 110 is released, the clamps 120 are free to separate from the projection 150A, thereby decoupling the upper 101 and lower 102 rings. The conventional V band structure also includes means, such as springs, for urging the clamps 120 apart from the projection 150A, to provide for a reliable separation. Means are also provided to retain the belt 110 and clamps 120 after separation, to minimize the occurrence of “space junk”.

[0009] For V-bands to work properly, the tension required in the tensioning belt 110 is relatively high (about 3800 pounds for a 38 inch diameter; 6800 pounds for a 66 inch diameter). This high tension requires radial stiffeners in the rings 101, 102. The sudden release of this stored energy generates high shock, and imposes additional requirements on the means used to retain the fast moving belt and clamps after separation. Because of the high tension requirements, the combined weight of the belt, clamps, and ancillary required devices is substantial (as much as 25 pounds for a 38 inch diameter V-band structure). The high tension requirements of V-bands often require specialized tools and instruments to tension the band. The high tension and high release shock effects also limits the reliable life of the components, thereby limiting the amount of testing that can be applied to the components that are actually flown.

[0010] Another structure that is commonly used to provide for an easily separable connection is an explosive frangible joint, as typified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,685,376 and 5,390,606. An explosive detonating cord is placed within a contained space that forms the frangible joint between the two items. Separation is achieved by detonating the cord within the contained space, forcing a rapid crack propagation through the frangible joint. Although the weight of an explosive frangible joint is less than that of an equivalent sized V-band, it is still substantial (as much as 17 pounds for a 38 inch diameter joint). The destructive nature of this separation system precludes testing of the joints that are actually flown.

[0011] Each of the aforementioned separation connectors also imparts a substantial shock to the connected items upon separation, and the explosive nature of the devices used for separation introduce a risk of personal injury, particularly during pre-launch assembly and testing. Because of the shock effects, such separation connectors are not commonly used on items that are routinely disassembled for storage or transport.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] It is an object of this invention to provide a separation connector that is light weight. It is a further object of this invention to provide a separation connector that allows for repeated testing. It is a further object of this invention to provide a separation connector that allows for separation with minimal shock effects. It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for connecting components that is simple, secure, and reliable. It is a further object of this invention to provide a connector component that is stiff, strong, and easy to use.

[0013] These objects and others are achieved by a separation connector that comprises a plurality of leaves with leaf lips that are secured within a mating surface by a tensioned band in one embodiment, and a compression band in another embodiment. The leaves and mating surface are designed such that the tension or compression required on the band is significantly less than the tension required on a V-band. A shear structure is also provided that minimizes translation of the leaves with respect to mating surface. In a preferred embodiment, the tensioned band is detensioned by a thermal device that melts, decomposes, or severs the band, and the compressed band is decompressed by a contraction or removal of an expansion element. When the band is detensioned or decompressed, springs urge the leaves away from the mating surface, thereby allowing for the separation of the connected items. Preferably, the leaves are hinged, allowing for ease of coupling and decoupling to the mating surface. Multiple sections of leaf elements can be employed to form a perimeter structure corresponding to the structure of the mating surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The invention is explained in further detail, and by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0015]FIG. 1 illustrates an example prior art V-band separation connector.

[0016]FIG. 2 illustrates an example separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0017] FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate the coupling of two items via an example separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0018]FIG. 4 illustrates an example vehicle coupling system in accordance with this invention.

[0019]FIG. 5 illustrates an example tension and detension system in accordance with this invention.

[0020]FIG. 6 illustrates an example spring mechanism for urging a separation of the separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0021]FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative example separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0022] FIGS. 8A-8E illustrate an example embodiment of a leaf element of a separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0023]FIG. 9 illustrates an example electrical connector of a separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0024] FIGS. 10A-10F illustrate example alternative configurations of the leaf elements of separation connectors in accordance with this invention.

[0025]FIG. 11 illustrates an example dual separation connector in accordance with this invention.

[0026]FIG. 12 illustrates an example hinged leaf element in accordance with this invention.

[0027] FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate an example alternative configuration wherein the coupling is achieved via an expansion ring that holds each leaf element in position via compression in accordance with this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028]FIG. 2 illustrates an example separation connector 200 for connecting an upper ring 201 and lower ring 202 in accordance with this invention. For ease of understanding, the invention is presented in the context of an aerospace transport system; other applications will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the principles presented herein. The upper 201 and lower 202 rings are typically fastened to the items being connected (401, 402 in FIG. 4), such as a launch vehicle and satellite. Alternatively, the upper 201 and lower 202 rings may be an integral part of the items being connected. As used herein, the terms “upper”, “lower”, and “rings” are used for ease of reference and understanding. Alternative arrangements, configurations, and orientations will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, in view of the principles of the invention presented herein. Also for ease of reference, various aspects of the invention are initially disclosed with regard to an example configuration wherein the leaf elements form an outer perimeter about a mating surface. A complementary arrangement, having the mating surface forming the outer perimeter, is also presented, and illustrated in FIG. 13. The application of each of the aspects of this invention to the complementary structure of FIG. 13 will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0029] The example separation connector 200 includes leaf elements 210 secured to the lower ring 202 that each have a leaf lip 211 that conforms to a recess 212 in the upper ring 201. The leaf elements 2 10 also include a filament groove 214 that is used to position a filament (320 in FIG. 3D) about a perimeter formed by the leaf lips 211. As discussed below, the leaf elements 210 are typically circularly arranged, although other arrangements may be used to conform to alternatively shaped connected items. An eight leaf configuration is illustrated in FIG. 2 for clarity, although additional leaf elements may be employed. For example, a preferred embodiment for Athena, Atlas, Delta, Pegasus, and other launch vehicles, uses 59 leaf elements 210 for a 38 inch diameter upper 201 and lower 202 ring design. Also illustrated in FIG. 2 are eight spring elements 230 with plungers 231 whose function is detailed below; in a preferred embodiment, two spring elements 230 are provided per leaf element 210. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the upper 201 and lower 202 rings are radially stiffened by introducing a circumferential step 206, 207 in each. In the upper 201 and lower 202 rings, the stepped surfaces 208, 209 serve as the mounting surface for ancillary devices, such as the spring elements 230 and other devices discussed further herein.

[0030] FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a detailed view of the operation of the separation connector 200 for connecting the upper 201 and lower 202 rings. In FIG. 3A, the upper ring 201 is urged 300 into the leaf elements 210 of the lower ring 202. In accordance with one aspect of this invention, the leaf elements 210 are arranged so that the unbiased position of the leaf lips 211 conform to the location of the recess 212 in the upper ring 201; that is, in a preferred embodiment, when the leaf lip 211 is seated in the recess 212, the leaf element 210 is in a substantially unbiased and unstressed position. The upper ring 201 is shaped to provide an inclined perimeter surface 305 that deforms the leaf elements 210 outward 310 as the upper ring 201 is urged 300 into the leaf elements 210.

[0031]FIG. 3B illustrates the result of further downward urging 300 on the upper ring 201. The spring element 230 is designed to exert a force, via the plunger 231, that is larger than the resilient inward force exerted by the resilience of the deformed leaf element 210. That is, the spring element 230 and plunger 231 are designed such that the urging 300 of the upper ring 201 into the leaf elements 210 continues to deform the leaf element 210 outward 310.

[0032]FIG. 3C illustrates the result of further downward urging 300 on the upper ring 201. In a preferred embodiment, the leaf element 210 is designed to provide a surface 316 that operates in conjunction with a surface 306 on the upper ring 201 to resist downward movement of the upper ring 201 when the leaf lip 211 of the leaf element 210 is adjacent the matching recess 212 in the upper ring 201.

[0033] In accordance with this invention, a circumferential band or filament 320 is placed in the filament groove 214 of the leaf element 210, and tensioned to exert an inward force 321 to urge the leaf lips 211 of the leaf elements 210 into the conforming recess 212 in the upper ring 201. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the filament 320 is a polymer having a high strength and stiffness to weight ratio, such as KEVLAR™ (Dupont) or VECTRAN™ (Hoechst Celanese). It is significant to note that the tension of the filament 320 need only overcome the aforementioned force of the springs 230 in order to urge the leaf lips 211 into the recess 212. For improved load bearing potential, the filament 320 is further tensioned, as discussed below. It is also significant to note that in the tensioned position of FIG. 3D, the leaf elements 210 are in their substantially unstressed, non-deformed, positions, thereby providing near maximum load bearing potential. The leaf lip 211 of each leaf element 210 and the recess 212 of the upper ring 201 are designed to conform as closely as practical, thereby distributing the potential compression and expansion loads throughout the bearing surfaces 311 of the leaf lip 211 and recess 212. As discussed below with reference to FIGS. 8A-8D, to reduce manufacturing costs, the leaf element 210 is preferably flat, whereas the recess 212 is typically curved, and some stress is introduced as the flat leaf element 210 is tensioned to conform to the recess 212. In a preferred embodiment, each leaf element 210 is less than two inches long and the perimeter of the upper ring 201 at the recess 212 is typically over 30 inches, and thus the stress induced by the bending of the leaf element 210 to conform to the recess 212 is minor. In a maximum load-bearing embodiment, flats are introduced in the recess 212 to conform to the flat profile of the leaf lip 211, as illustrated in FIG. 8B and discussed further below.

[0034] Although the bearing surfaces 311 are illustrated as being significantly sloped, for ease of illustration, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the bearing surfaces 311 should be substantially perpendicular to the lines of compression and expansion forces, the inclination being provided to ease the release of the leaf lip 211 from the recess 212. In a preferred embodiment, to provide a substantial bearing surface 311 while allowing for an ease of release of the leaf lip 211, the slopes of the bearing surfaces 311 is 15 degrees.

[0035] As is evident from the sequence of FIGS. 3A-3D, the connection of items via a separation connector 200 in accordance with this invention is a relatively simple press 300 and tension 321 process. In a typical staged assembly process, as illustrated for example in FIG. 4, each stage 401 is merely positioned above the prior stage 402 and lowered until the leaf lips 211 of the leaf elements 210 of the lower ring 202 are adjacent the recess 212 of the upper ring 201. The lowering or urging of the stage 401 into the lower ring 202 has the effect of increasing the perimeter formed by the leaf lips 211, due to the sloped perimeter 305 of the upper ring 201. If the filament 320 is placed about the perimeter before the stages are positioned, sufficient slack is provided to allow the perimeter of the leaf lips 211 to be expanded. When the leaf lips 211 are adjacent the recess 212, the perimeter of the leaf lips 211 is subsequently returned to its original diameter by a tensioning of the filament 320, typically via a ratchet or other tension retaining device.

[0036] Illustrated in FIG. 5 is an example tension device 550 and detension device 570 that are mounted on the lower ring 202. In the example embodiment of FIG. 5, a free end 320A of the filament 320 is secured to the detension device 570 and, as illustrated by dashed lines, is routed 320A-320B through the detension device 570. Alternatively, the filament 320 may be a continuous loop that is sized to be slightly larger than the largest perimeter formed when the leaf lips 211 are deformed by the insertion of the upper loop 201, thereby obviating the need to secure it to the detension device 570. The filament 320 is routed about the perimeter formed by the leaf lips of leaf elements 210A-210N, where N symbolizes the total number of leaf elements 210. The filament groove 214 of at least one of the leaf elements 210A-210N is shaped so as to retain the filament 320 after it is detensioned. This retention also aids the routing 320B-320C of the filament 320 about the perimeter. The filament end 320D is routed through the detension device 570, as indicated by dashed lines, and secured to the tension device 550. If the filament 320 is continuous, the portion of the filament 320 that is adjacent the tension device 550 is secured to the tension device 550. A rotation of the tension wheel 560 in the direction 565 tensions the filament 320 about the perimeter formed by the leaf lips of leaf elements 210A-210N. In a preferred embodiment, the tension wheel 560 is ratcheted 562 to retain the tension. In a preferred embodiment, a 450 pound tension has been calculated to be sufficient to support an axial load of over 140,000 pounds and lateral moment over 825,000 inch-pounds using the aforementioned 38 inch diameter configuration of 59 leaf elements 210. In this configuration, the leaf elements 210 are made of aluminum alloy (6061-T6), approximately two inches tall, two inches wide, and less than a quarter inch thick. The leaf lip 211 and recess 212 are also less than a quarter inch in depth. The upper 201 and lower 202 rings are made of aluminum alloy (7075-T7).

[0037] The release of the connection between the upper 201 and lower 201 rings is effected by detensioning the filament 320. In a preferred embodiment, two redundant electric thermal line de-tensioners 571A, 571B heat the filament 320 to its melting point, or decomposition point, and redundantly detensions both ends 320A-B, 320C-D within 30 seconds. An example thermal line detensioner is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,873, and is incorporated by reference herein. Depending upon the filament 320 material composition, the detensioning occurs as a result of filament 320 stretching or breaking, or both, at or near its melting or decomposition point. Alternative detensioning means, common in the art, can be used as well. For example, the tension wheel 360 may contain a clutch or latch that can be remotely released. In like manner, the tension device 550 may include an electric motor, that allows for remote tensioning as well as detensioning. Because the tension on the filament 320 is substantially less (about ⅛th) than the conventional V-band tension, and because the thermal detensioning process is a relatively slower process, the shock that is introduced by the de-tensioning of the filament 320 is substantially less than the shock that is introduced by the de-tensioning of the conventional V-band. The preferred use of a thermal line de-tensioner also avoids the shock effects and risk of potential injury typically associated with explosive de-tensioning means.

[0038] When the filament 320 is detensioned, the leaf elements 210 are urged by the spring element 230 and plunger 231 to the deformed positions illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C. Ancillary devices are employed in a preferred embodiment to urge the upper ring from the lower ring. FIG. 6 illustrates an example spring device 680 that urges the upper ring 201 from the lower ring 202 in a direction 600. In a preferred embodiment, multiple springs 680 are affixed to the lower ring 202 to provide a uniform upward 600 urging force; the upper ring 201 is keyed to the lower ring 202, and a button 681 from each spring 680 seats the spring 680 into a corresponding recess 682 in the upper ring 201. Because the direction 600 is opposite to the direction 300, the sequence of operations illustrated in FIGS. 3C-3B-3A is retraced, thereby separating the upper 201 and lower 202 rings.

[0039] It is important to note that, as illustrated in FIG. 3B, the plunger 231 urges the leaf element 210 outward 310 such that a gap 375 exists between the farthest extent of the leaf lip 211 and the inclined surface 305 of the upper ring 201. In this manner, when the plunger 231 releases the coupling of the leaf elements 210 from the upper ring 201 by urging the leaf lip 211 from the recess 212, the leaf elements 210 are not obstructed by the upper ring 201. When the leaf lip 211 falls away, or is urged away, from the plunger 231 in a direction opposite direction 300 in FIG. 3A, the resilient force of the leaf element 310 against the inclined surface 305 of the upper ring 201 further urges the separation of the upper ring 201 from the lower ring 202 in the direction opposite to direction 300, resulting in the decoupled state illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0040] It is significant to note that upon separation, the primary components of the separation connector 200 remain intact; only the filament 320 is affected by the decoupling process. As mentioned above, in a preferred embodiment, one or more of the filament grooves 214 are formed so as to retain the filament 320 after it is detensioned. Because only the filament 320 is affected by the decoupling process, a separation connector in accordance with this invention allows for rapid and efficient coupling and decoupling during prelaunch test and assembly.

[0041] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate an alternative embodiment of a separation connector 200′. Items having the same function as in prior figures are illustrated with the same reference numeral. In this alternative embodiment, the unbiased and unstressed position of the leaf element 710 is positioned such that a gap 775 exists between the leaf lip 211 and the farthest extent of the lower bearing surface 711 of the upper ring 201 when the leaf element 710 is in an unbiased position, as illustrated in FIG. 7A. As illustrated in FIG. 7B, the filament 320 in this embodiment is used to tension and deform the leaf element 710 so as to seat the leaf lip 211 of the leaf element 710 into the recess 212 of the upper ring 201. Note the example C-shaped filament groove 214 in FIG. 7B; the C-shape retains the filament after detensioning, as discussed above. In this embodiment, when the filament 320 is detensioned, the resilience of the leaf element 710 forces the leaf element 710 to its unbiased position shown in FIG. 7A, thereby releasing the upper ring 201 from the lower ring 202. As would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, the use of the resiliency of the leaf element 710 to urge the leaf lip 211 from the recess 212 obviates the need for the spring structures 230 of FIG. 2, but the reduced load bearing capabilities of the deformed and stressed leaf elements 710 of this embodiment limits its use to a reduced load, as compared to the substantially unstressed leaf elements 210 of FIG. 2.

[0042] The foregoing illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within its spirit and scope. The following alternative embodiments illustrate such varied arrangements.

[0043] As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the upper ring 201 is circular, whereas the leaf elements 210 are substantially flat elements arranged in a circular perimeter. The meeting of the flat surface 811 of the leaf element 210 and curved perimeter 812 of the recess 212 in the upper ring 201 provides contact only where the flat surface 811 is tangent 815 to the curved perimeter 812. This configuration introduces a stress on the leaf elements 210 to conform to the curved perimeter 812. Where maximum load bearing potential is required, flats 825 as in FIG. 8B are used. Alternatively (not shown), the leaf lips 211 may be formed as a curved surface to conform to a curved perimeter 812. In these embodiments, because the resiliency of the leaf element does not act to urge the leaf lip 211 out of the recess 212, greater strength springs 230 are required to urge the leaf lip 211 out of the recess 212. Each of these alternatives requires a more complex manufacturing process.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 8C, the leaf element 810 contains cuts 818 that allow for a lower stress deformation of the leaf lip 211 to better conform to a curved perimeter when the filament 320 is circumferentially tensioned, as illustrated in FIG. 8D. This embodiment allows for the manufacture of a constant depth recess 212 in the upper ring 201 and a substantially flat leaf element 810; it also provides for a more uniform distribution of load within the recess 212. As illustrated in FIG. 8D, the tensioning of the filament (not shown) introduces a curvature to the leaf element 810, and the resiliency of the leaf element 810 will cause the leaf lip 211 to spring back to its original flat shape when the filament is detensioned, thereby acting to urge the extremities of the leaf lip 211 out of the recess 212. It should be noted that, in a preferred embodiment, the cuts 818 are shallow, and do not extend into upright portion 830 of the leaf element 810. In this manner, the leaf element 210 retains its lateral strength and integrity to support high lateral forces. FIG. 8C illustrates a top and front profile of a preferred embodiment of a leaf element 810 having relatively small cuts 818, as used in the aforementioned 59 leaf element, 38 inch diameter circular configuration. Also shown in FIG. 8C are end sections 816. In this embodiment, the filament grooves 214 are formed such that the filament 320 is retained by the “C” shape formed within each of these end sections 816. An “O” shape may also be used, but would require a threading of the filament through each “O”.

[0045]FIG. 8E illustrates a preferred embodiment of the upper ring 201, wherein elements 860 are spaced around the perimeter of the ring 201, to react any shear forces that may occur. In this embodiment, the cuts 818 are configured to allow for these elements 860 as the leaf element 810 is urged into the ring 201. The elements 860 span the recess that forms the receiving surface for the leaf lip, and are preferably embodied as pins that are inserted into milled or drilled holes in the ring 201, to avoid the need to form the recess of the ring 201 with web elements that span the recess. The elements 860 and cuts 818 are configured to prevent translation 865 of the leaf elements 810 with respect to the ring 201 when the leaf lips of the leaf elements 810 are operationally coupled to the receiving surface of the ring 201.

[0046] Typically, some electronic communication or power transmission is required between the connected items. FIG. 9 illustrates mating electrical connectors 981 and 982 that are attached to the upper 201 and lower 202 rings, respectively. As would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, the connectors 981 and 982 may contain multiple electrical connections, as required. Note that in accordance with this invention, the electrical mating of the connectors 981 and 982 is effected by the same downward force 300 that effects the aforementioned alignment of leaf lip 211 and recess 212.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the arrangement of leaf elements 210 conforms to a structural form of the joined items. In the aerospace industry, cylindrical shapes are common, and FIG. 2 illustrates a corresponding circular arrangement. In accordance with the principles of this invention, other arrangements are possible as well, as illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10F. FIG. 10A illustrates an example square or rectangular arrangement; FIG. 10B illustrates an example open arrangement; FIG. 10C illustrates an example triangular arrangement, and so on. These arrangements will typically correspond somewhat to the shape of the shape of the items being joined. For example, the oval arrangement of FIG. 10D may be employed for connecting a wing of an aircraft to the fuselage, the oval shape corresponding somewhat to the profile of an airplane wing. The complex shape of FIG. 10E may be employed for a twin engine jet, such as used on an F-14 or F-15 aircraft. The example arrangement of FIG. 10F may be employed for six triangular shaped satellites that are mounted to a common launch vehicle. These and other configurations and shapes will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the principles presented herein. It is important to note that the perimeter formed by the arrangement of leaf elements 210 should be curved, such that a tensioning of the filament or band 320 will effect an urging of the leaf lip 211 of each leaf element 210 into the recess 212 of the upper ring 201, or, as discussed below, such that an expansion of a ring or band will urge the leaf lips outward into a surrounding recess. In the conventional forms of FIG. 2, and FIG. 10A-10D, the leaf lips 211 face the inside of the perimeter formed by the leaf element 210. As illustrated by the arrows 321 of FIG. 10A tensioning of the filament 320 about the perimeter has the effect of reducing the perimeter, forcing the leaf lips toward the center, and into the corresponding outward facing recess 212. If the orientation of the radius of curvature changes, the orientation of the leaf lips 211 and recess 212 should correspondingly change, as illustrated by the arrows 321 and 321′ of FIG. 10E. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 10E, the leaf elements 210 are positioned such that a tensioning of the filament 320 has the effect of moving the leaf lips 211 in the directions 321 and 321′ into corresponding recesses 212. In an alternative arrangement, some or all of the leaf lips and mating surface are oriented such that the mating surface is exterior to the leaf lips, relative to the radius of curvature forming each segment of the coupling perimeter, and the filament is in the form of a band that can transmit an outward force relative to the curvature, so that the leaf lips are forced outward to the mating surface.

[0048] To facilitate manufacturing and assembly, the leaf elements of this invention may be individually mounted, or segments of a plurality of leaf elements, may be provided to facilitate the creation of larger, and potentially more or less complex perimeters. In a preferred embodiment, arc segments comprising multiple leaf elements are provided, allowing circles and other curved perimeters to be created easily as a plurality of adjacent segments. The segmentation of large circumference coupling structures also eases shipping and handling complexities and costs.

[0049] As would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure, the load-bearing capacity of the separation connector may be increased by a variety of common mechanical design techniques. FIG. 11 illustrates, for example, a separation connector that contains dual rings of leaf elements 210 a, 210 b and leaf lips 211 a, 211 b on the lower ring 202, and corresponding dual recesses 212 a and 212 b in the upper ring 201.

[0050] A variety of other configurations and applications will also be evident in light of this disclosure. For example, the placement of the protrusion on the leaf lip 211 and the recess 212 in the upper ring 201 can be reversed, such that a protrusion from the upper ring 201 is seated into a recess on the leaf lip 211 by the filament 320. In like manner, multiple protrusions may be placed on each leaf lip 211, and multiple recesses 212 provided in the upper ring 201 to receive them. That is, in accordance with this invention, the upper ring 201 has a receiving surface that contains an inverse of the mating surface corresponding to the leaf lip 211 of each leaf element 210; preferred load bearing mating surface shapes are common in the mechanical arts.

[0051] In like manner, alternatives to the spring mechanisms 230 of FIG. 2, and 680 of FIG. 6 will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art. A pre-cocked spring, for example, having a release mechanism that forces a sudden release of the plunger 231 may be preferred to provide an impact force on the leaf element 210 to overcome any binding that may occur between the leaf lip 211 and recess 212. The use of a pre-cocked spring also allows the seating of the leaf lip 211 into the recess 212 via the resilience of the leaf element 210, thereby eliminating the need for a tension filament 320 and its ancillary components in light load applications. An electromagnetic solenoid or hydraulic device may be used in lieu of the spring mechanisms 230 and/or 680 to provide an impact or continuous separation force via a piston. In like manner, although an embodiment without explosives is typically preferred, an impact force may be imparted by an explosive percussion device. Other urging means, such as leaf springs and the like, are also common in the art.

[0052] Note that although the leaf element 210 has been presented thus far as a single integral structure, alternative structures are feasible, including a multiple component leaf element. FIG. 12 illustrates, for example, a leaf element 910 having a leaf 915 and a base 917 connected by a hinge 916. This embodiment allows for the coupling and decoupling of two devices without inducing a deformation of the leaf element 910. This embodiment is particularly well suited for structures that are frequently coupled and decoupled, either during normal operation, or during operational tests.

[0053]FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate a preferred alternative embodiment, wherein the leaf elements, such as elements 910, form an internal perimeter, and the mating surface 930 forms an outer perimeter. An expansion ring, or band, 920 is configured to exert an outward force, indicated by arrows 901 in FIGS. 13A and 13B, to urge the leaf elements outward, toward the mating surface 930. An expansion device 950 is configured to facilitate the expansion of the band 920 to couple the leaf elements 910 to the mating surface 930, and the release of the expansion of the band 920 to decouple the elements 910 and surface 930. Note that the expansion of the perimeter formed by the band 920 is effected by exerting a force that compresses the band 920 along the ring perimeter, and thus terms expansion and compression are used to describe the operation, depending upon whether the term applies to the dimension of the perimeter or the stresses within the material that forms the band 920. If the leaf elements include a retainer for the band 920, the extraction of the leaf elements 910 from the mating surface 930 can be effected by reducing the perimeter of the band 920, thereby pulling the leaf elements inward, potentially obviating the need for decoupling devices, such as the spring and plunger arrangement 230 of FIG. 2.

[0054] Preferably, the band 920 comprises an aluminum tube or rod approximately {fraction (3/16)} inch in diameter, formed into a perimeter, and including at least one location where it could be circumferentially expanded by the expansion device 950, causing the diameter of the perimeter to increase, thereby urging the leaf elements into the groove, or grooves, of the mating surface. Alternative materials may also be used. Preferably, the material of the band 920 should exhibit a low creep rate, to minimize the loosening over time caused by the contraction of the material under continuous load.

[0055] The expansion device 950 may include any of a variety of devices that are commonly used to expand a ring. The device 950 is generally configured to urge the ends of a split ring apart, thereby increasing the perimeter of the ring, and may include, for example, a levered latch, a turnbuckle arrangement, a piston, and so on. Correspondingly, the device 950 is also configured to reduce the diameter of the ring, back to its unexpanded perimeter.

[0056] Although the expanding ring embodiment of FIGS. 13A and 13B is a more complex embodiment, it does provides some advantage over the tensioned arrangement discussed in the previous figures, particularly with regard to re-use. As discussed above, the simplest means for detensioning the band in a tensioned embodiment is to sever the band; the reuse of the tensioned coupling, therefore, will typically require a replacement of the tensioned band. Conversely, the expansion band 920 will generally be attached to the expansion device 950, and will be de-expanded via a non-destructive inversion of the expansion process (i.e. a release of a latch, an opposite turning of a turnbuckle, a release of a piston, and so on), thereby facilitating its re-use. Additionally, because the band 920 is in compression when under load, the likelihood of crack growth and failure is substantially less than that of a tensioned band.

[0057] Although the separation connector 200 of this invention is particularly well suited for items that are expected to be uncoupled at some time, the ease of assembly of the separation connector 200 also warrants its use for applications that merely require a reliable and easy to assemble connection, such as assembling a pipeline. In these applications, for example, the requirements for the detensioning or de-expansion mechanism, if any, is minimal.

[0058] These and other configurations and structures will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the mechanical arts, and are included within the intended scope of the following claims. 

I claim:
 50. A separation connector assembly comprising: a first connector device comprising: a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a first mating surface, a second connector device comprising: a receiving surface having a second mating surface substantially corresponding to an inverse of the first mating surface for receiving each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements, a band that is configured to form a perimeter within the plurality of leaf elements, and is further configured to urge each leaf lip into the receiving surface, via an expansion of a circumference of the band, thereby facilitating a coupling of the first connector device to the second connector device.
 51. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein the first mating surface includes a protrusion and the second mating surface includes a recess.
 52. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein the first mating surface includes a recess and the second mating surface includes a protrusion.
 53. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein: the plurality of leaf elements are arranged on the first connector device such that the leaf lips of the plurality of leaf elements form a first leaf lip perimeter, the receiving surface has a receiving perimeter having an inclined slope that deforms the plurality of leaf elements such that the leaf lips form a second leaf lip perimeter when the receiving perimeter is urged into the first leaf lip perimeter, and the band is configured to reform the first leaf lip perimeter.
 54. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, further including a means for urging the first connector device apart from the second connector device.
 55. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, further including a means for coupling an electrical signal from the first connector device to the second connector device.
 56. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, further including an expansion device that is configured to effect the expansion of the circumference of the band.
 57. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein at least one of the plurality of leaf elements is configured to retain the band.
 58. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein at least one of the first connector device, the second connector device, the plurality of leaf elements, and the band includes an aluminum alloy.
 59. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, further including decoupling elements that include at least one of: a spring, a plunger, a piston, and a percussion device, and are configured to disengage the leaf elements from the receiving surface.
 60. The separation connector assembly of claim 59, wherein the second connector device is radially stiffened by a step that forms an ancillary mounting surface, and the decoupling elements are affixed to the ancillary mounting surface.
 61. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein each leaf element includes a hinge to facilitate movement of the leaf lip into and away from the receiving surface.
 62. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein the first connector device and the second connector device are configured such that, when the first connector device is coupled to the second connector device, the plurality of leaf elements is in a substantially unstressed state.
 63. The separation connector assembly of claim 50, wherein the first and second mating surfaces include a shearing structure that is configured to minimize a lateral movement of the plurality of leaf elements relative to the receiving surface when the first connector device is coupled to the second connector device.
 64. A vehicle comprising: a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a mating surface that substantially corresponds to an inverse of a receiving surface on an other vehicle, a band that is configured to urge each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements into the receiving surface, via an expansion of a circumference of the band, thereby fixedly adhering the vehicle to the other vehicle.
 65. The vehicle of claim 64, further comprising: a means for urging the vehicle away from the other vehicle.
 66. The vehicle of claim 64, further comprising: a coupling device that is configured to facilitate the expansion of the circumference of the band.
 67. The vehicle of claim 66, wherein the coupling device is further configured to facilitate a reduction of the circumference of the band.
 68. The vehicle of claim 64, wherein the plurality of leaf lips and the receiving surface are configured such that, when the vehicle is coupled to the other vehicle, the plurality of leaf elements is in a substantially unstressed state.
 69. The vehicle of claim 64, wherein each leaf element includes a hinge to facilitate movement of the leaf lip into and away from the receiving surface.
 70. The vehicle of claim 64, wherein the mating and receiving surfaces include a shearing structure that is configured to minimize a lateral movement of the plurality of leaf elements relative to the receiving surface.
 71. A spacecraft system comprising: a first vehicle, a second vehicle, a coupler that is configured to couple the first vehicle to the second vehicle, and a decoupler that is configured to decouple the first vehicle from the second vehicle; wherein: the first vehicle comprises a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a mating surface that substantially corresponds to an inverse of a receiving surface on the second vehicle, the coupler includes: a band that is configured to urge each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements into the receiving surface, via an expansion of a circumference of the band, and the decoupler includes decoupling elements that are configured to urge each leaf lip away from the receiving surface.
 72. The spacecraft system of claim 71, wherein: the plurality of leaf elements are arranged on the first vehicle such that the leaf lips of the plurality of leaf elements form a first leaf lip perimeter, the second vehicle has a receiving perimeter about the receiving surface that has an inclined slope that deforms the plurality of leaf elements such that the leaf lips form a second leaf lip perimeter when the receiving perimeter of the second vehicle is urged into the first leaf lip perimeter, and the expanded band substantially reforms the first leaf lip perimeter.
 73. The spacecraft system of claim 71, further including an expansion device that is configured to expand the circumference of the band.
 74. The spacecraft system of claim 71, wherein the expansion device is further configured to reduce the circumference of the band.
 75. The spacecraft system of claim 71, further including a means for communicating an electrical signal from the first vehicle to the second vehicle.
 76. The spacecraft system of claim 71, wherein the plurality of leaf lips and the receiving surface are configured such that, when the first vehicle is coupled to the second vehicle, the plurality of leaf elements is in a substantially unstressed state.
 77. The spacecraft system of claim 71, wherein each leaf element includes a hinge to facilitate movement of the leaf lip into and away from the receiving surface.
 78. A method of attaching a first vehicle to a second vehicle, the first vehicle comprising a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a mating surface that substantially corresponds to an inverse of a receiving surface on the second vehicle, the leaf lips of the plurality of leaf elements forming a first lip perimeter that substantially corresponds to an inclined receiving perimeter about the receiving surface on the second vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: positioning the first vehicle and the second vehicle so as to align the first lip perimeter with the inclined receiving perimeter, urging the first vehicle and the second vehicle together so as to deform the plurality of leaf elements via the inclined receiving perimeter to form a second lip perimeter that is larger than the first lip perimeter, and urging each of the leaf lips into the receiving surface via an expansion of a circumference of a band within a perimeter formed by the plurality of leaf elements, thereby substantially reforming the first lip perimeter.
 79. A method of detaching a first vehicle from a second vehicle, the first vehicle comprising a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that is mated to a receiving surface on the second vehicle via an expansion of a circumference of a band within a perimeter formed by the plurality of leaf elements, the method comprising the steps of: reducing the circumference of the band, urging each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements away from the receiving surface on the second vehicle, and urging the first vehicle and the second vehicle apart.
 80. A separation connector assembly comprising: a first connector device comprising a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a first mating surface, a second connector device comprising a receiving surface having a second mating surface substantially corresponding to an inverse of the first mating surface for receiving each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements, a band that is configured to form a perimeter corresponding to the plurality of leaf elements, and is further configured to urge each leaf lip into the receiving surface, via at least one of a tensioning and an expansion of a circumference of the band, thereby facilitating a coupling of the first connector device to the second connector device, wherein: the plurality of leaf elements are arranged on the first connector device as discrete segments of leaf elements that form a perimeter corresponding to the receiving surface of the second connector device.
 81. A separation connector assembly comprising: a first connector device comprising a plurality of leaf elements, each leaf element of the plurality of leaf elements having a leaf lip that includes a first mating surface, a second connector device comprising a receiving surface having a second mating surface substantially corresponding to an inverse of the first mating surface for receiving each leaf lip of the plurality of leaf elements, a band that is configured to form a perimeter corresponding to the plurality of leaf elements, and is further configured to urge each leaf lip into the receiving surface, via at least one of a tensioning and an expansion of a circumference of the band, thereby facilitating a coupling of the first connector device to the second connector device, wherein: the first and second mating surfaces include a shearing structure that is configured to minimize a lateral movement of the plurality of leaf elements relative to the receiving surface when the first connector device is coupled to the second connector device. 